Hızır Hayreddin Barbarossa is one of the most legendary and iconic figures in Ottoman history. He was born on the Greek island of Lesbos or in Bodrum, Anatolia in 1278 to a noble family that had fled from Sicily for religious reasons.
He spent his early life as a corsair attacking European trade vessels within Ottoman territory and then later joined the Ottoman Navy. In 1522, he became Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) after he captured Tunis from Charles V’s forces. His naval victories secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid 16th century.
Under his command the Ottoman fleet went on a rampage in the Ionian Sea, attacking Venetian possessions and gaining control over most of North Africa.
Barbarossa’s fleet developed the Barbary corsairs (which all pirates of that time period were called) into a much more organized force. He established Ottoman supremacy over Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis and other port cities in North Africa along with controlling the entire western Mediterranean including successfully attacking Naples itself.
He became known as Barbaros Hızır Reis (Hızır The Bold/Stout), eventually being nicknamed “Kaptan-i Derya” (“Captain of seas”). After his naval victories he was promoted to Pasha by Suleiman I after which he served until retiring from military service aged 65 years old. During this retirement he built up fortifications on Rhodes at the time when the Knights Hospitaller were still a military force.
He died in 1526 and is buried on Rhodes, but his body was later exhumed and transferred to an ornate tomb inside the Grand Mosque of Istanbul (formerly Constantinople). It is said that he lies with four golden fingers exposed as those were enough for him to be recognized even after death.
Barbarossa’s legacy has been captured within Ottoman history as well as modern day Turkey where there are many streets, squares and monuments named after him such as: Barbaros Boulevard which runs through one of İstanbul’s most famous green spaces — Gülhane Park — all the way from Harbiye district down.
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